Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Prenatal Screening Essay

One of the questions that has recently plagued me has been that of which is about the genetic structuring of our offspring. I ask myself, will we able to choose the physical features our child? If so, do we as a society think this will be an ethical practice? Perhaps, scientifically, this might be entirely possible, but law will most likely restrict it. An article written by Frederic Golden helped me draw some understanding on this hot topic. Golden commences his article with a brief story of a mother and father who have been through prenatal testing. They tested for Down syndrome and an inheritable neuromuscular disease. While it was a straightforward procedure that was deemed valid by their doctor, Blue Cross (their insurance†¦show more content†¦submit to some prenatal screening. Usually this involves a blood sample of the mother’s blood in order to determine whether she is likely to have a child with spina bifida, neural-tube defects, or Down syndrome (Golden). United States genetic centers now offer DNA tests for over 30 or 40 of the more commonly inherited disorders. Those including cystic fibrosis, susceptibility to breast cancer, X syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and many other various disorders (Golden). Also, with recent developments, couples are able to have a pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This procedure allows the testing of genetic disorders bef ore germination. It consists of â€Å"petri-dish† testing of sperm and egg cells donated by the soon to be parents. This procedure prevents the idea of abortion, for if genetic problems occur, you are not destroying a fetus, but simple flushing away embryo cells. Another article that I have recently acquired has more to do with the ethical standpoint of genetic tailoring, than the scientific. In recent years, a rather large sum of attention has been placed on whether or not the possibility of genetic testing will harm our communities (Gooding). â€Å"The teaching of Bioethics often relies on difficult cases. Indeed sometimes the ethical dilemma is developed by altering the details of the case that is otherwise intuitively straightforward,Show MoreRelatedEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another thingsRead MoreEthics Of Computing And The Internet1173 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the People Inside the topic of health care system ethic is implicit the pregnancy dilemma. This wide topic can include hundreds of pages; herein we are going to cover principal’s data of this essential topic in today’s lives. Pregnancy includes a debate for more than 4 decades and some topics that affect not only mothers even child, there are many dilemmas surrounding this controversial topic, where some argue one specific thing and much other argue another thingsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Genetic Testing1088 Words   |  5 Pages Genetic Testing Bethany Espinosa Chamberlain College of Nursing July Session 2015 Genetic testing has brought about many changes in the way many couples look at conceiving and raising families. Through genetic testing you are able to screen for the increased chance that a fetus may have one of many congenital disorders, or even identify gene changes that are responsible for a disease that has already been diagnosed (Genetic Testing, March 2015). Unfortunately genetic testing is notRead MoreThe Field Of Reproductive Technology1484 Words   |  6 PagesToday’s culture has a growing fascination with biotechnology and genetic engineering. This is especially true within the field of reproductive technology. Advancements in this field has expanded family options significantly with the advent of reproductive technologies such as in vetro fertilization, embryo transplant, and varying genetic testing and screening (Finsterbusch, 2008). However, what drives humanity to want to modify humankind? Should there be limits placed on these modifications? AndRead MoreGenet ic Testing : Types Of Medical And Forensic Tests1715 Words   |  7 Pages Genetic Testing WHAT IS GENETIC TESTING? Genetic Testing is the process of using medical and forensic tests to identify and analyse a human, animal or plant DNA sequence. It can reveal changes or mutations in your genes that may result in illness and disease. TYPES OF TESTING Presymptomatic and predictive testing If you have a family history of a condition, undergoing genetic testing before you have symptoms may reveal if you re at risk for developing that condition Carrier testing If youRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1415 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic and Reproductive Sciences Abstract This paper is based on genetic and reproductive science and their benefits and limitations regarding individuals, families, and society. The paper covers the screening and treatment for diabetes and what methods are used to prevent it development. The paper also contains information regarding In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and its benefits for individuals and families. The use stems cells and its advantages and disadvantages are also mentioned. Read MoreMy Role As A Genetics Counsellor1913 Words   |  8 PagesMy role as a genetics counsellor. As a genetics counsellor I will provide you and your family the necessary information and support regarding any health issues or concerns that you may have. I will provide you with a diagnosis of any genetic conditions and supportive advice and guidance to your concerns. I believe you two appear to be healthy, but are concerned about a disease that runs through one of your families, sickle cell anaemia. You are concerned about any future children that you may haveRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Testing for Huntingtons Disease3496 Words   |  14 PagesThe Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Testing for Huntingtons Disease INTRODUCTION Huntingtons Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder (Walker, 2007 and Harmon, 2007). The gene that causes the disease is located on the fourth chromosome and causes an abnormal number of repeats in the patients genetic code (Harmon, 2007). Huntingtons Disease can have devastating effects on patients quality of life. The first symptoms of HD generally start between the agesRead MoreThe Human Genome Project : A Research Project1097 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding of how to build an individual (Genetics Home Reference 2014a). The Human Genome Project made several claims which included to complete sequencing and mapping the genomes of organisms and the ethical, legal and social consideration related to it. (U.S. DOE Human Genome Project 2013). One example of a claim made by the human genome project is to be able to map and sequence the genome of standard organisms. Maps are used to identify the genetic arrangement of organisms. It’s not possibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Testing On Children With A Birth Defect2006 Words   |  9 PagesPrenatal testing was designed to allow a mother with a possible high risk the option to ensure the health of their unborn child with a birth defect. The testing will also detect harm to the unborn fetus if the mother was exposed to a disease or sickness. There are multiple levels of screening and testing that can be done to provide to give results to an unborn child. The screenings are safe non-invasive procedures that will detect particular birth defects.1 The types of screenings that can be provided

Monday, December 16, 2019

Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese Contributions - 868 Words

Did you know that Sumerians developed the world’s first form of writing? That many of todays household objects were invented or used by the ancient Egyptians (lock and keys, combs, scissors, wigs, makeup, deodorants, toothbrush and toothpaste)? Or that for the last 4,000 years China has been the oldest continuous civilization on Earth? The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese created flourishing civilizations filled with many achievements in writing, architecture, and technology that made lasting contributions to humankind. Sumer is referred to as the cradle of civilization† because there were many important inventions. Writing was one of Sumerians most important invention. Sumerians developed the world’s first known writing, cuneiform,†¦show more content†¦Only a small, educated elite had the time to master this system. Despite some changes made through the years, the fundamental principles of the Chinese system still endures today. As a result, the legacy of the Chinese system is that people speaking essentially different languages, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, can read and understand the same text. The Chinese had a very unique form of architecture. A Chinese structure is based on the principle of balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples, and palaces all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. Other structures are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main room and the yard. The distribution of interior space reflects Chinese social and ethical values. China had a very advanced technology development. Bronze and iron played a major role. Weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, and religious ritual vessels were made from it. One of the most important contributions China made to humankind was its writing system that united all parts of China. Other contributions include paper making, printing, gunpowder, and the mariners compass. Small inventions like these have made a huge difference in our society today. Ancient civilizations all around have contributed something to the world we live in today. Sumer, Egypt and China have had manyShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The River Valley Civilizations1489 Words   |  6 Pagescity-states depended on trade and farming, and later industry became a crucial pillar of the civilization. Sumerians were known for their metal handiwork, pottery, and woolen textiles. Sumerians imported tin, timber and copper which they traded for dried fish, wheat, wool and metal to ols. The Sumerian civilization is best remembered for the invention of the wheel that eased transportation. The Sumerian social structure was divided into three castes the Nobles, commoners and slaves. Slaves were owned byRead MoreCivilization : A World Without Civilization954 Words   |  4 Pageshunter-gatherers. Meaning that people hunted and foraged for their food, rather than depending on agriculture to feed them. (Merriam-Webster) The discovery of the mass amounts of people you can feed as a result agriculture can arguably be one of the leading contributions to early civilization. According to our lectures, around 11,000-7,000 years ago was when most humans stopped hunter-gathering and began to civilize. Civilization itself is sedentary, and based solely around agriculture. The land produces food,Read MoreTaking a Look at Pharmacists2543 Words   |  10 PagesThe Sumerian population lived in present day Iraq. They used plants such as myrh and opium for medicine. Similarly to present- day pharmacists, the Sumerians had people who prepared the medicine separate from the medics who diagnosed and treated illnesses (History of Pharmacy 1). In ancient Egypt, there were people who prepared medicines, known as ‘pastophors’. The Egyptians and Sumerians also played roles of priests while they prepared medicines (History of Pharmacy 1). The ancient Egyptians usedRead MoreThe Differences Between The Civilizations And River Valley Civilizations1710 Words   |  7 Pageswere constantly a threat, and so each civilization had a different view on nature’s aspects. Mesopotamians tried their best to please the kings and queens of nature, while Egyptians trusted supernatural powers. The difference in religious thoughts led to contrasting attitudes towards life after death and therefore burials. Egyptians displayed the majority of their wealth on their tombstones. Rulers of Egypt had several rooms dedicated to their passing, so as to provide a better afterlife. MesopotamiansRead MoreEarly Civilizations and the Dawn of the Medieval Age Essay3703 Words   |  15 Pagesthe Tigris and the Euphrates called Mesopotamia , the Indus (now in Pakistan) and the Nile in North Africa in Egypt. The Egyptian civilization is probably the oldest known to man. The world acknowledges the contribution of the Egyptians who were the first to give one a calendar and a shadow-clock to measure time; a census and postal system; glass; paper and ink. Distinctive Egyptian architecture emerged during the period 4000-30 BC. The best representatives of this architecture are Egypts tombs, pyramidsRead MoreCharacteristics Of Ancient Civilizations1959 Words   |  8 Pagessystem. In modern day geography it is roughly located in Iraq, the eastern parts of Syria, and Southeastern Turkey. First, mesopotamia used a writing system known as cuneiform. This writing system was considered one of the most significant contributions of the Sumerians as it was one of the first complete writing systems. Cuneiform grew from a system of pictographs that was used to record goods that were being traded. One of the most important things that the people of Mesopotamia wrote was The Epic ofRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 PagesNEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence the development of civilizations in Mesoamerica? 1 he earliest humans lived by huntingRead MoreHistory of Astronomy4015 Words   |  17 Pageslocated. A form of writing known as  cuneiform  emerged among the Sumerians around 3500–3000 BC. Our knowledge of Sumerian astronomy is indirect, via the earliest Babylonian star catalogues dating from about 1200 BC. The fact that many star names appear in Sumerian suggests a continuity reaching into the Early Bronze Age. Astral theology, which gave planetary gods an important role in  Mesopotamian mythology  and  religion, began with the Sumerians. They also used a  sexagesimal  (base 60) place-value numberRead MoreEssay on The History of Transportation1835 Words   |  8 PagesNow, Egypt is an impressive society as is, having invented papyrus, pictographs, and a social hierarchy, but the sailboat is going to be our main victim of scrutiny today. Back in the days of yore, the Egyptian sailboats were built from woven papyrus reeds, with linen acting as a sail. Why the Egy ptians were the first to create the invention is obvious for two reasons, one because they had an innovative society, two because the Nile River was an obstacle they were obligated to traverse. The calm currentRead MoreThe History Of Human Language2352 Words   |  10 Pagescity officials. The texts were chiseled onto clay and wood tablets. This earliest period of writing is referred to the Proto-writing period a pictographic style of writing is considered one of the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians. This is the prewriting phase that led to symbolic writing and eventually alphabets. This ‘Uruk’ style of writing was fueled by urban growth spread later to the east into the Zagros Mountains where clay tablets with numerals and word-signs

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Dr. Faustus Essay Example For Students

Dr. Faustus Essay When I first began reading Dr. Faustus I did not even realize that there werecomic scenes. Only after being told and after watching the movie did I realizethat there were comic scenes. Many critics say that Christopher Marlowe did noteven write these scenes, but instead say that they were written later by otherplaywrights. After realizing that there was in fact comedy in the play, I beganto ponder why it was in the play. My first thought was that they were there tolighten the mood of such a dark and serious play. Any good playwright knows thatyou cant hold an audiences attention with hours of serious, deep and emotionalcontent without also having something to lighten the mood. With this point ofview I realized that it was very possible that Mr. Marlowe did not in fact writethe comic sections of this play (I really wanted to believe that he wrote them),maybe a later playwright found that the play was too serious. The fact that Iwanted Marlowe to be the author of the whole play (I dont like it when someonecomes along a changes a piece of art, or that people say that someone changed itbecause it is just too good to be true) made me dig deeper to try and findsomething that sounded more sensible to me. I would have to say that it waseight lines in scene five that were spoken by Mephastophilis in response to aquestion from Faustus. These Lines were (pg.442 lines 110-125): Mephastophilis. Now Faustus, ask what thou wilt. Faustus. First will I question thee about hell:Tell me, where is the place that men call hell? Mephastophilis. Under theheavens. Faustus. Ay, but whereabouts? Mephastophilis. Within the bowels ofthese elements, Where we are tortured and remain forever. Hell hath no limits,nor is circumscribed In one self place; for where we are is hell, And where hellis, there we must ever be. And to conclude, when all the world dissolves, Andevery creature shall be purified, All places shall be hell that is not heaven. Not only is this some very powerful poetry but it seems to say everything aboutthe comic scenes. After I read this part of the play I began to realize thereason why the comic scenes are in this play. What Mephistophilis seems to besaying is that everyone that is not in heaven, is in hell. This means thateveryone on earth is in hell. Mephastophilis says exactly this; forwhere we are is hell. How did these lines put the comic scenes intoperspective for me? It made me look at the whole play in a different light. Ifeveryone that is not in heaven is in hell, then everyone in this play is in helland has committed some type of sin. The scene in which Lucifer comes with theSeven Deadly Sins (Pride, Covetousness, Wrath, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth andLechery) depicted the ways which people commit sins. When I went back throughthe play and looked at after I was enlightened, I noticed that the comic scenesvery much reflected the scenes with Dr. Faustus. Take for instance when Wagnerconjured up Baliol and Belcher (Scene Four) this is almost exactly what Faustusdid in the previous scenes. The comic scenes that seemed to reflect what Faustusdid, also seemed to increase the readers knowledge of how powerful Faustus was. In all the scenes that other people tried to conjure up the devil, they couldnot handle the devils and usually failed in their attempts. Take for instancescene eight, lines twenty to forty-five, when Robin and Rafe conjured upMephastophilis they could not handle the sight of him and he changed them intoan ape and a dog respectively, because they were just playing games. This sceneshows how powerful Dr. Faustus was and how seriously he took magic. The othercomic scenes either showed how everyone in the play had committed some type ofsin, or how Faustus used his magic to play childish pranks. Take scene five forexample when the Clown and Wagner are talking: Clown. But do you hear? If Ishould serve you, would you teach me to raise up Banios and Belcheos? Wagner. Iwill teach thee to turn thy self to anything, to a dog, or a cat, or a mouse, ora rat or anything. Clown. How! A Christian fellow to a dog, or a cat, or amouse, or a rat? No, no sir, if you turn me into anything let it be in th elikeness of a little pretty frisking flea, that I may be here, and there, andevery- where. O Ill tickle the pretty wenches plackets! Ill be amongst themifaith. The last five lines that the clown says here are almost exactly likewhat Pride, one of the Seven Deadly Sins, says in scene five, lines 284-288:Pride. I am Pride: I disdain to have any parents. I am like to Ovids flea, Ican creep into every corner of a wench: sometimes like a periwig, I sit upon herbrow; or like a fan of feathers, I kiss her lips. Indeed I do what do I not!But fie, what a scent is here? Ill not speak another word, except the groundwere perfumed and covered with cloth of arras. This points out that evil caninfect even the lowliest of creatures such as the Clown. The last function ofthe comic scenes that I was able to find is that of pointing out how trivialFaustus magic is. Many scenes point this out; scene seven when Faustus goesinto the Popes chamber, scene nine when Faustus puts horns on the knight, andsc ene ten where he gives the horse-courser a bum horse and lets his leg bepulled off, are all comic scenes that show how low Faustus has stooped in hismagic. In the end I did find that the comic scenes in Dr. Faustus did in facthave a definite purpose, and not just to lighten the mood (although this verywell could have been one of the reasons). Due to the fact that the comic scenesall fit in so well and had a lot of depth I do think that they were actuallywritten by Christopher Marlowe. After reading through this play and watching themovie, no matter how whacked out it was, I did really like this play.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Pierre De Fermat Essays (890 words) - Integer Sequences,

Pierre De Fermat Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a habit of scribbling notes in the margins of books or in letters rather than publishing them. He was modest because he thought if he published his theorems the people would not believe them. He did not seem to have the intention to publish his papers. It is probable that he revised his notes as the occasion required. His published works represent the final form of his research, and therefore cannot be dated earlier than 1660. Mr. Pierre de Fermat discovered many things in his lifetime. Some things that he did include: -If p is a prime and a is a prime to p then ap-1-1 is divisible by p, that is, ap-1-1=0 (mod p). The proof of this, first given by Euler, was known quite well. A more general theorem is that a0-(n)-1=0 (mod n), where a is prime to n and p(n) is the number of integers less than n and prime to it. -An odd prime number can be expressed as the difference of two square integers in only one way. Fermat's proof is as follows. Let n be prime, and suppose it is equal to x2 -y2 that is, to (x+y)(x-y). Now, by hypothesis, the only basic, integral factors of n and n and unity, hence x+y=n and x-y=1. Solving these equations we get x=1 /2 (n+1) and y=1 /2(n-1). -He gave a proof of the statement made by Diophantus that the sum of the squares of two numbers cannot be the form of 4n-1. He added a corollary which I take to mean that it is impossible that the product of a square and a prime form 4n-1[even if multiplied by a number that is prime to the latter], can be either a square or the sum of two squares. For example, 44 is a multiple of 11(which is of the form 4 x 3 - 1) by 4, therefore it cannot be expressed as the sum of two squares. He also stated that a number of the form a2 +b2, where a is prime b, cannot be divided by a prime of the form 4n-1. -Every prime of the form 4n+1 is accurate as the sum of two squares. This problem was first solved by Euler, who showed that a number of the form 2(4n+1) can be always showen as the sum of two squares, of course it was Mr. Pierre de Fermat. -If a, b, c, are integers, a2 + b2= c2, then ab cannot be a square. Lagrange solved this. - The determination of a number x such that x2n+1 may be squared, where n is a given integer which is not squared. Lagrange gave a solution of this also. -There is only one integral solution of the equation x2 +4=y3. The required solutions are clearly for the first equation x=5, and for the second equation x=2and x=11. This question was issued as a challenge to the English mathematicians Wallis and Digby. -No basic values of x, y, z can be found to satisfy the equation xn+yn=zn; if n is an integer greater than 2. This thesis has achieved extraordinary celebrity from the fact that no general demonstration of it has been given, but there is no reason to doubt that this true. -Fermat also discovered the general theorem that was on the guess that a number can be found into the product of powers of primes in only one way. These were some interesting things that Mr. Fermat did in

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Paints essays

Paints essays I Kayla J. R, am writing you, the National American International Livestock Exposition in order to attempt to persuade you to include our personal favorite breed of horse into your Exposition. This is our reasoning: The different patterns and the different colors will give a larger variety of choices for the judges. The different patterns may even have their own categories. Each and every paint has its own little history and own attitudes. Not only that, but they have a very pretty body type with obvious muscles. If you add them to your show, they need not have the World Championship Paint Horse Show, resulting in more money left over for the horses real needs such as food, tack, water and supplements. Read on to learn some great information on the Paint Breed. In 1519 a Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes sailed to North America with some conquistadors and horses only to leave behind a great legacy-which was the bloodstock that would provide the foundation for a variety of different, distinct, American-bred horses. A Spanish historian Diaz del Castillo who traveled with the entire expedition says that one of the sixteen war horses that carried Cortes and his men was a sorrel and white horse with spots on its belly. That spotted horse soon bred with Native American mustangs and laid the foundation for what is known today as the American paint horse breed. Near the early 1800s, the western plains were heavily populated with free-ranging herds of horses. These herds included a peculiar spotted horse. The spotted, flashy horses soon became a favorite mount of the American Indians because of the color and performance. The Comanche Indians, also known as the finest horsemen on the plains, favored the different colored horses and had a lot among their huge herds. The favoritism is exhibited in evidence by drawings of spotted horses on the painted buffalo robes that served as records for the Comanches. During the 180...

Friday, November 22, 2019

All About the Rock Called Chert

All About the Rock Called Chert Chert is the name for a widespread type of sedimentary rock that is made of silica (silicon dioxide or SiO2). The most familiar silica mineral is quartz in microscopic or even invisible crystals- that is, microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. Learn more about how it is made and find out what it is made of. Chert Ingredients Like other sedimentary rocks, chert starts with particles accumulating. In this case, it happened in bodies of water. The particles are the skeletons (called tests) of plankton, microscopic creatures that spend their lives floating in the water column. Plankton secrete their tests using one of two substances that are dissolved in water: calcium carbonate or silica. When the organisms die, their tests sink to the bottom and accumulate in a growing blanket of microscopic sediment called ooze. Ooze is usually a mixture of plankton tests and extremely fine-grained clay minerals. A clay ooze, of course, eventually becomes claystone. An ooze that is primarily calcium carbonate (aragonite or calcite), a calcareous ooze, typically turns into a rock of the limestone group. Chert is derived from a siliceous ooze. The composition of ooze depends on details of geography: ocean currents, the availability of nutrients in the water, world climate, depth in the ocean, and other factors. Siliceous ooze is mostly made of the tests of diatoms (one-celled algae) and radiolarians (one-celled animals or protists). These organisms build their tests of completely uncrystallized (amorphous) silica. Other minor sources of silica skeletons include the particles made by sponges (spicules) and land plants (phytoliths). Siliceous ooze tends to form in cold, deep water because calcareous tests dissolve in those conditions. Chert Formation and Precursors Siliceous ooze turns to chert by going through a slow transformation unlike that of most other rocks. The lithification and diagenesis of chert is an elaborate process.   In some settings, siliceous ooze is pure enough to lithify into a lightweight, minimally processed rock, called diatomite if composed of diatoms, or radiolarite if made of radiolarians. The amorphous silica of a plankton test is not stable outside the living things that make it. It seeks to crystallize, and as ooze is buried to depths greater than 100 meters or so, the silica begins to mobilize with the modest rise in pressure and temperature. There is plenty of pore space and water for this to happen, and plenty of chemical energy being released by crystallization as well as by the breakdown of organic matter in the ooze. The first product of this activity is a hydrated silica (opal) called opal-CT because it resembles cristobalite (C) and tridymite (T) in X-ray studies. In those minerals, silicon and oxygen atoms align with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up with water molecules in a different arrangement than that of quartz. A less-processed version of opal-CT is what makes up common opal. A more processed version of opal-CT is often called opal-C because in X-rays it looks more like cristobalite. The rock composed of lithified opal-CT or opal-C is porcellanite. More diagenesis causes the silica to lose most of its water as it fills pore space in the siliceous sediment. This activity converts the silica into true quartz, in microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline form, also known as the mineral chalcedony. When that happens, chert is formed. Chert Attributes and Signs Chert is as hard as crystalline quartz with a hardness rating of seven  in the Mohs scale   maybe a bit softer, 6.5, if it still has some hydrated silica in it. Beyond simply being hard, chert is a tough rock. It stands above the landscape in outcrops that resist erosion. Oil drillers dread it because its so hard to penetrate. Chert has a curvy conchoidal fracture that is smoother and less splintery than the conchoidal fracture of pure quartz; ancient toolmakers favored it, and high-quality rock was a trade item between tribes. Unlike quartz, chert is never transparent and not always translucent. It has a waxy or resinous luster unlike the glassy luster of quartz.   The colors of chert range from white through red and brown to black, depending on how much clay or organic matter it contains. It often has some sign of its sedimentary origin, such as bedding and other sedimentary structures or microfossils. They may be abundant enough for a chert to get a special name, as in the red radiolarian chert carried to land by plate tectonics from the central ocean floor. Special Cherts Chert is a quite general term for noncrystalline siliceous rocks, and some subtypes have their own names and stories. In mixed calcareous and siliceous sediments, the carbonate and the silica tend to segregate. Chalk beds, the calcareous equivalent of diatomites, may grow lumpy nodules of chert of the type called flint. (Similarly, thick chert beds may grow nodules and pods of limer ock limestone or dolomite rock.) Flint is commonly dark and gray, and more lustrous than typical chert. Agate and Jasper are cherts that form outside the deep-sea setting; they occur where fractures allowed silica-rich solutions to enter and deposit chalcedony. Agate is pure and translucent whereas Jasper is opaque. Both stones commonly have reddish colors from the presence of iron oxide minerals. The peculiar ancient banded iron formations consist of thin layers of interbedded chert and solid hematite. Some important fossil localities are in chert. The Rhynie Cherts in Scotland contain remains of the oldest land ecosystem from nearly 400 million years ago early in the Devonian Period. And the Gunflint Chert, a unit of banded iron formation in western Ontario is famous for its fossil microbes, dating from the Early Proterozoic time some two billion years ago.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Scientific Method - Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scientific Method - Social Psychology - Essay Example Scientific method is highly instrumental to the success of social psychologists in carrying out their analysis. It is the application of scientific method of systematic observation that the conditions of humans are effectively studied. Through the scientific method of research, social psychologists are better informed on the way people feel, how they behave and the kind of thoughts that go through their minds (Feldman, 2009). Social psychologists cannot make observation without the use of scientific method and research as they make use of the advancement in technology to make precise and intricate observations about their subjects. This further emphasizes the role of scientific method in the field of social psychology as the more the improvement in research technology, the easier and faster the work of social psychologists would definitely be. It is therefore pertinent to note that social psychologists make use of different scientific methods of research, which includes; public opini on surveys, real world observations, case studies, and laboratory experiments to make their analysis and study. This further corroborates the role of scientific method in social psychology.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Research a civil society organistain and detail its main tactics and Assignment

Research a civil society organistain and detail its main tactics and approached in regards to business - Assignment Example CSOs are the legally constituted corporations created by natural or legal people for the purpose of societal welfare (Craig, Taylor and Parkes, 2004). However, these establishments work independently from the government. One of the major characteristics of CSOs or NGOs is that these forms of establishments are non profitable organizations. Hence, their principal aim is not to make profits but to look after the welfare of people (Fine, 2006). This report aims at illustrating the main tactics and approaches used by a CSO in its relationship with business. In addition, the report also aims to summarise if and to what extent its tactics have evolved over time and will elucidate the discernible changes in the tactics. Lastly the study will evaluate the strategies used by the CSO and on the basis of that recommendation will be provided to the CSO in terms of improving or strengthening its activities (Barratt, 2009; Child and Gronbjerg, 2007). The civil society organizations or the non-gove rnmental organization chosen for this study is Mercy Corps. Therefore for better understanding, the study will at first present a brief overview of the chosen CSO. Mercy Corps: A Brief Overview Mercy Corps is an international aid agency which works towards the betterment of transitional environments that has gone through certain kinds of jolts such as natural disaster, economic collapse, or conflicts. The principal intention of this CSO is to assist people who have been a victim of the environmental collapse. It was founded in the year 1979 by humanitarian Ellsworth Culver and Dan O'Neill (Bonn and Baker, 2000). The establishment is currently headquartered in Portland, Oregon and is currently headed by Neal Keny-Guyer, who is the present CEO of the company. It has around 3700 employees and operates in 40 countries around the world (mercycorps, 2013a). The employees of the company attempt to aid victimised people on an urgent basis. For instance, the employees try to bring in food an d supplies as early as possible in order to enable the people restore their previous situation. This is achieved by various kinds of market-led and community-driven programs. The activities of the employees clearly reflect the enthusiasm of the organization towards the welfare of the society. Mercy Corps mostly recruits local people. As per reports, the company has 93% local employees as they believe local employees will be beneficial for their local knowledge. The CSO works for the betterment of failing states, conflict zones and nations that endured natural disasters. It remains active in places such as Zimbabwe, Somalia, Congo, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Haiti and Indonesia among others (Bichsel, 2008). In these countries, women education is usually ignored, livelihood of a family is a matter of doubt and a child’s health is always a cause of concern. Hence, to get rid of these issues, the CSO works proactively and responds immediately. Mercy Corps prioritizes its activi ties on the basis of the urgency of the situation and also listens to the local inhabitants (Migdalovitz, 2010). Interestingly, Mercy Corps caters an area or locality for extended time periods in order to foster local entrepreneurship opportunities, inspire marketplaces through "cash for work" programs and a range of lending models for rebuilding social capital. Mercy Corps initiates several programs which allow them to gain market reputation and simultaneously

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Private Security Essay Example for Free

Private Security Essay It seems that the criteria to be eligible for a private security officer post seems to be extensive that need several details of the applicant. Though the basic application requirements appear to be similar in both the book ‘Principles of Security and Crime Prevention’ and the Florida state instruction manual, the amount of information differs in relation to certain key points. Florida State’s requirements seem to be elaborative than that of the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coming to the details, while the minimum age to be eligible for applying is 18 years in both the sources, it is further described as 18 for unarmed and 21 for armed private security officer (Collins, Ricks Meter, 2000, p. 104). Also, submission of address details is mentioned in the requirements of both the sources and it is further clarified in Florida’s manual as residence details of five years (Bronson, 2007). Moreover, the manual indicates that applicant should also furnish details of aliases, if any (Bronson, 2007). Employment details of 5years should be mentioned as per Florida State’s requirements, whereas it is 7 years in the book (Collins et al., 2000, p. 104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The requirements regarding details of criminal history are almost similar in both the sources, which state that any kind of bad criminal record in the past 7-10 years may jeopardize the chances of the applicant (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 104). Moreover, Florida State’s requirements clearly mention a case of denial and a chance of denial of the application (Bronson, 2007). Criminal history related to disrespect towards country, government officials and/or involvement in dealings of controlled substances may result in rejection of the application. Also, Florida State requirements clearly state the need for applicants to submit all related documents in case of a previous conviction and that the verification of the applicant’s criminal record may take 1-3 months duration (Bronson, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The guidelines related to applicant’s mental fitness are explained more clearly in the Florida requirements. In Collins et al. book, the only point stated is the ineligibility of a person who is declared by the court as incompetent due to some mental disease (2000, p. 105). However, the state’s manual describes various points regarding the furnishing of details related to mental fitness by a candidate who has previously been diagnosed and/or treated for any mental illness and/or addiction (Bronson, 2007). The state manual requires the candidate to submit letters of reference if the candidate has alcohol or drug abuse and rehabilitation history; whereas Collin’s book simply states that the candidates have to undergo a pre-employment drug screen (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 104).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Florida state’s criteria are very clear about training of the individual, making it mandatory to complete 40 hours of authorized training (Bronson, 2007). It has given the list of personalities who can be exempted from taking the training. Also, in the Collis et al. book, it is mentioned that a potential candidate for armed post should successfully complete a psychological fitness test (Collins et al., 2000, p. 105). While the state manual highlights the point of citizenship with related details, Collins book mentions about minimal desired education for the applicant (Bronson, 2007; Collins et al., 2000, p. 105). In this way, apart from common points, both the sources have mentioned various requirements and useful points. Florida’s manual even describes about conditions that permit exemptions from certain mandatory procedures. All in all, the Florida State’s manual is a comprehensive source with all instructions for an applicant and the Collins’ book is a useful aid to know basic requirements. References Bronson, C. H. (2007). Application Instructions for Class â€Å"D† Security Officer License and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 493, Florida Statutes. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Division of Licensing. Retrieved 15 Jan. 2008 from http://licgweb.doacs.state.fl.us/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   application_instructions/Security_D_ApplicationInstructions.pdf. Collins, P. A., Ricks, T. A., Van Meter C. W. (2000). Principles of Security and Crime   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prevention (Edi. 4, pp. 1045). Ohio: Anderson.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Native Son :: essays research papers

Character Actions Defines Their Individual Personalities and Belief Systems Richard Wright's novel, Native Son, consisted of various main and supporting characters to deliver an effective array of personalities and expression. Each character's action defines their individual personalities and belief systems. The main character of Native Son, Bigger Thomas has personality traits spanning various aspects of human nature including actions motivated by fear, quick temper, and a high degree of intelligence. Bigger, whom the novel revolves around, portrays various personality elements through his actions. Many of his actions suggest an overriding response to fear, which stems from his exposure to a harsh social climate in which a clear line between acceptable behavior for white's and black's exists. His swift anger and his destructive impulses stem from that fear and become apparent in the opening scene when he fiercely attacks a huge rat. The same murderous impulse appears when his secret dread of the delicatessen robbery impels him to commit a vicious assault on his friend Gus. Bigger commits both of the brutal murders not in rage or anger, but as a reaction to fear. His typical fear stems from being caught in the act of doing something socially unacceptable and being the subject of punishment. Although he later admits to Max that Mary Dalton's behavior toward him made him hate her, it is not hate which causes him to smother her to death, but a feeble attempt to evade the detectio n of her mother. The fear of being caught with a white woman overwhelmed his common sense and dictated his actions. When he attempted to murder Bessie, his motivation came from intense fear of the consequences of 2 "letting" her live. Bigger realized that he could not take Bessie with him or leave her behind and concluded that killing her could provide her only "merciful" end. The emotional forces that drive Bigger are conveyed by means other than his words. Besides reactions to fear, his actions demonstrate an extremely quick temper and destructive impulse as an integral part of his nature. Rage plays a key part in his basic nature, but does not directly motivate the murders he commits. Rage does not affect Bigger's intelligence and quick thinking and it becomes evident during the interview with Briton. The detective makes Bigger so angry that the interrogation becomes a game to Bigger, a game of logic and wills, of playing the stupid negro, and telling the man exactly what he wants to hear.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Business Math

Chapter 5 Interest Rates 5-1. Your bank is offering you an account that will pay 20% interest in total for a two-year deposit. Determine the equivalent discount rate for a period length of a. Six months. b. One year. c. One month. a. Since 6 months is [pic] of 2 years, using our rule [pic] So the equivalent 6 month rate is 4. 66%. b. Since one year is half of 2 years [pic] So the equivalent 1 year rate is 9. 54%. c. Since one month is [pic] of 2 years, using our rule [pic] So the equivalent 1 month rate is 0. 63%. 5-2. Which do you prefer: a bank account that pays 5% per year (EAR) for three years or a. An account that pays 2[pic] every six months for three years? b. An account that pays 7[pic] every 18 months for three years? c. An account that pays [pic] per month for three years? If you deposit $1 into a bank account that pays 5% per year for 3 years you will have [pic] after 3 years. a. If the account pays [pic] per 6 months then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer [ pic] every 6 months. b.If the account pays [pic] per 18 months then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer 5% per year. c. If the account pays [pic] per month then you will have [pic] after 3 years, so you prefer [pic] every month. 5-3. Many academic institutions offer a sabbatical policy. Every seven years a professor is given a year free of teaching and other administrative responsibilities at full pay. For a professor earning $70,000 per year who works for a total of 42 years, what is the present value of the amount she will earn while on sabbatical if the interest rate is 6% (EAR)? Timeline: 0 |7 |14 | | | |42 | | | | | | | | | |0 |1 |2 | | | |8 | | | | | | | | | |0 |1 |2 | | | |304 | | | | | | | |48 |0. 75 % |20,092. 9 |–500 |0 | Thus, your remaining balance is $20,092. 39. If you prepay an extra $100 today, your will lower your remaining balance to $20,092. 39 – 100 = $19,992. 39. Though your balance is reduced, your required monthly payment does not ch ange. Instead, you will pay off the loan faster; that is, it will reduce the payments you need to make at the very end of the loan. How much smaller will the final payment be? With the extra payment, the timeline changes: That is, we will pay off by paying $500 per month for 47 months, and some smaller amount, $500 – X, in the last month.To solve for X, recall that the PV of the remaining cash flows equals the outstanding balance when the loan interest rate is used as the discount rate: [pic] Solving for X gives [pic] So the final payment will be lower by $143. 14. You can also use the annuity spreadsheet to determine this solution. If you prepay $100 today, and make payments of $500 for 48 months, then your final balance at the end will be a credit of $143. 14: |N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |48 |0. 75 % |19,992. 9 |-500 |143. 14 | (2) The extra payment effectively lets us exchange $100 today for $143. 14 in four years. We claimed that the return on this investment should be the loan interest rate. Let’s see if this is the case: [pic], so it is. Thus, you earn a 9% APR (the rate on the loan). 5-19. Consider again the setting of Problem 18. Now that you realize your best investment is to prepay your student loan, you decide to prepay as much as you can each month. Looking at your budget, you can afford to pay an extra $250 per month in addition to your required monthly payments of $500, r $750 in total each month. How long will it take you to pay off the loan? The timeline in this case is: and we want to determine the number of monthly payments N that we will need to make. That is, we need to determine what length annuity with a monthly payment of $750 has the same present value as the loan balance, using the loan interest rate as the discount rate. As we did in Chapter 4, we set the outstanding balance equal to the present value of the loan payments and solve for N. [pic] We can also use the annuity spreadsheet to solve for N. N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |30. 02 |0. 75 % |20,092. 39 |–750 |0 | So, by prepaying the loan, we will pay off the loan in about 30 months or 2 ? years, rather than the four years originally scheduled. Because N of 30. 02 is larger than 30, we could either increase the 30th payment by a small amount or make a very small 31st payment. We can use the annuity spreadsheet to determine the remaining balance after 30 payments. N |I |PV |PMT |FV | |30 |0. 75 % |20,092. 39 |–750 |–13. 86 | If we make a final payment of $750. 00 + $13. 86 = $763. 86, the loan will be paid off in 30 months. 5-20. Oppenheimer Bank is offering a 30-year mortgage with an APR of 5. 25%. With this mortgage your monthly payments would be $2000 per month. In addition, Oppenheimer Bank offers you the following deal: Instead of making he monthly payment of $2000 every month, you can make half the payment every two weeks (so that you will make 52 ? 2 = 26 payments per year). With this plan, how long will it take to pay off the mortga ge of $150,000 if the EAR of the loan is unchanged? If we make [pic] every 2 weeks the timeline is as follows. Timeline: |0 |1 |2 |3 | | | | | | | | | | | | Using the formula for the loan payment, [pic] Next we write out the cash flows with the extra payment. Timeline #2: 0 |1 | |6|7| |18 | | | | | | | | | To determine the outstanding balance we discount at the original rate, i. e. , [pic] [pic] Next we calculate the loan payment on the new mortgage. Timeline #2: |0 |1 |2 | | | |360 | | | | | | | | | The discount rate on the new loan is the new loan rate: [pic] Using the formula for the loan payment: [pic] b. pic] c. [pic] (You can use trial and error or the annuity calculator to solve for N. ) d. [pic] (Note: results may differ slightly due to rounding. ) 5-24. You have credit card debt of $25,000 that has an APR (monthly compounding) of 15%. Each month you pay the minimum monthly payment only. You are required to pay only the outstanding interest. You have received an offer in the mail for an otherwise identical credit card with an APR of 12%. After considering all your alternatives, you decide to switch cards, roll over the outstanding balance on the old card into the new card, and borrow additional money as well.How much can you borrow today on the new card without changing the minimum monthly payment you will be required to pay? The discount rate on the original card is: [pic] Assuming that your current monthly payment is the interest that accrues, it equals: [pic] Timeline: |0 |1 |2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |312. 50 |312. 50 | |This is a perpetuity. So the amount you can borrow at the new interest rate is this cash flow discounted at the new discount rate. The new discount rate is [pic] So,[pic] So by switching credit cards you are able to spend an extra [pic] You do not have to pay taxes on this amount of new borrowing, so this is your after-tax benefit of switching cards. 5-25. In 1975, interest rates were 7. 85% and the rate of inflation was 12. 3% in the United States. What was the real interest rate in 1975? How would the purchasing power of your savings have changed over the year? pic] The purchasing power of your savings declined by 3. 96% over the year. 5-26. If the rate of inflation is 5%, what nominal interest rate is necessary for you to earn a 3% real interest rate on your investment? [pic] implies [pic]. Therefore, a nominal rate of 8. 15% is required. 5-27. Can the nominal interest rate available to an investor be significantly negative? (Hint: Consider the interest rate earned from saving cash â€Å"under the mattress. †) Can the real interest rate be negative? Explain. By holding cash, an investor earns a nominal interest rate of 0%.Since an investor can always earn at least 0%, the nominal interest rate cannot be negative. The real interest rate can be negative, however. It is negative whenever the rate of inflation exceeds the nominal interest rate. 5-28. Consider a project that requires an ini tial investment of $100,000 and will produce a single cash flow of $150,000 in five years. a. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 5% (EAR)? b. What is the NPV of this project if the five-year interest rate is 10% (EAR)? c. What is the highest five-year interest rate such that this project is still profitable? . NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1. 055 = $17,529. b. NPV = –100,000 + 150,000 / 1. 105 = –$6862. c. The answer is the IRR of the investment: IRR = (150,000 / 100,000)1/5 – 1 = 8. 45%. 5-29. Suppose the term structure of risk-free interest rates is as shown below: [pic] a. Calculate the present value of an investment that pays $1000 in two years and $2000 in five years for certain. b. Calculate the present value of receiving $500 per year, with certainty, at the end of the next five years. To find the rates for the missing years in the table, linearly interpolate between the years for which ou do know the rates. (For example , the rate in year 4 would be the average of the rate in year 3 and year 5. ) c. Calculate the present value of receiving $2300 per year, with certainty, for the next 20 years. Infer rates for the missing years using linear interpolation. (Hint : Use a spreadsheet. ) a. Timeline: |0 |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Since the opportunity cost of capital is different for investments of different maturities, we must use the cost of capital associated with each cash flow as the discount rate for that cash flow. Unfortunately, we do not have a rate for a 4-year cash flow, so we linearly interpolate. [pic] [pic] c. Timeline: 0 |1 |2 |3 | | | |20 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2,300 |2,300 |2,300 | | | |2,300 | |Since the opportunity cot of capital is different for investments of different maturities, we must use the cost of capital associated with each cash flow as the discount rate for that cash flow.Unfortunately, we do not have a rate for a nu mber of years, so we linearly interpolate. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] 5-30. Using the term structure in Problem 29, what is the present value of an investment that pays $100 at the end of each of years 1, 2, and 3? If you wanted to value this investment correctly using the annuity formula, which discount rate should you use? PV = 100 / 1. 0199 + 100 / 1. 02412 + 100 / 1. 02743 =$285. 61. To determine the single discount rate that would compute the value correctly, we solve the following for r: PV = 285. 1 = 100/(1 + r) + 100 / (1 + r)2 + 100/(1 + r)3 = $285. 61. This is just an IRR calculation. Using trial and error or the annuity calculator, r = 2. 50%. Note that this rate is between the 1, 2, and 3-yr rates given. 5-31. What is the shape of the yield curve given the term structure in Problem 29? What expectations are investors likely to have about future interest rates? The yield curve is increasing. This is often a sign that investors expect interest rates to rise in the future. 5-3 2. Suppose the current one-year interest rate is 6%.One year from now, you believe the economy will start to slow and the one-year interest rate will fall to 5%. In two years, you expect the economy to be in the midst of a recession, causing the Federal Reserve to cut interest rates drastically and the one-year interest rate to fall to 2%. The one-year interest rate will then rise to 3% the following year, and continue to rise by 1% per year until it returns to 6%, where it will remain from then on. a. If you were certain regarding these future interest rate changes, what two-year interest rate would be consistent with these expectations? . What current term structure of interest rates, for terms of 1 to 10 years, would be consistent with these expectations? c. Plot the yield curve in this case. How does the one-year interest rate compare to the 10-year interest rate? a. The one-year interest rate is 6%. If rates fall next year to 5%, then if you reinvest at this rate over two years you would earn (1. 06)(1. 05) = 1. 113 per dollar invested. This amount corresponds to an EAR of (1. 113)1/2 – 1 = 5. 50% per year for two years. Thus, the two-year rate that is consistent with these expectations is 5. 0%. b. We can apply the same logic for future years: c. We can plot the yield curve using the EARs in (b); note that the 10-year rate is below the 1-year rate (yield curve is inverted). 5-33. Figure 5. 4 shows that Wal-Mart’s five-year borrowing rate is 3. 1% and GE Capital’s is 10%. Which would you prefer? $500 from Wal-Mart paid today or a promise that the firm will pay you $700 in five years? Which would you choose if GE Capital offered you the same alternatives? We can use the interest rates each company must pay on a 5-year loan as the discount rate.PV for GE Capital = 700 / 1. 105 = $434. 64 < $500 today, so take the money now. PV for Wal-Mart = 700 / 1. 0315 = $600. 90 > $500 today, so take the promise. 5-34. Your best taxable investment o pportunity has an EAR of 4%. You best tax-free investment opportunity has an EAR of 3%. If your tax rate is 30%, which opportunity provides the higher after-tax interest rate? After-tax rate = 4%(1 – . 30) = 2. 8%, which is less than your tax-free investment with pays 3%. 5-35. Your uncle Fred just purchased a new boat.He brags to you about the low 7% interest rate (APR, monthly compounding) he obtained from the dealer. The rate is even lower than the rate he could have obtained on his home equity loan (8% APR, monthly compounding). If his tax rate is 25% and the interest on the home equity loan is tax deductible, which loan is truly cheaper? After-tax cost of home equity loan is 8%(1 – . 25) = 6%, which is cheaper than the dealer’s loan (for which interest is not tax-deductible). Thus, the home equity loan is cheaper. (Note that this could also be done in terms of EARs. ) 5-36.You are enrolling in an MBA program. To pay your tuition, you can either take out a s tandard student loan (so the interest payments are not tax deductible) with an EAR of 5[pic] or you can use a tax-deductible home equity loan with an APR (monthly) of 6%. You anticipate being in a very low tax bracket, so your tax rate will be only 15%. Which loan should you use? Using the formula to convert an APR to an EAR: [pic] So the home equity loan has an EAR of 6. 168%. Now since the rate on a tax deductible loan is a before-tax rate, we must convert this to an after-tax rate to compare it. [pic]Since the student loan has a larger after tax rate, you are better off using the home equity loan. 5-37. Your best friend consults you for investment advice. You learn that his tax rate is 35%, and he has the following current investments and debts:  ¦ A car loan with an outstanding balance of $5000 and a 4. 8% APR (monthly compounding)  ¦ Credit cards with an outstanding balance of $10,000 and a 14. 9% APR (monthly compounding)  ¦ A regular savings account with a $30,000 balan ce, paying a 5. 50% EAR  ¦ A money market savings account with a $100,000 balance, paying a 5. 25% APR (daily compounding) A tax-deductible home equity loan with an outstanding balance of $25,000 and a 5. 0% APR (monthly compounding) a. Which savings account pays a higher after-tax interest rate? b. Should your friend use his savings to pay off any of his outstanding debts? Explain. a. The regular savings account pays 5. 5% EAR, or 5. 5%(1 – . 35) = 3. 575% after tax. The money-market account pays (1 + 5. 25%/365)365 – 1 = 5. 39% or 5. 39%(1 – . 35) = 3. 50% after tax. Therefore, the regular savings account pays a higher rate. b. Your friend should pay off the credit card loans and the car loan, since they have after-tax costs of 14. % APR and 4. 8% APR respectively, which exceed the rate earned on savings. The home equity loan should not be repaid, as its EAR = (1 + 5%/12)12 – 1 = 5. 12%, for an after-tax rate of only 5. 125(1 – . 35) = 3. 33%, which is below the rate earned on savings. 5-38. Suppose you have outstanding debt with an 8% interest rate that can be repaid anytime, and the interest rate on U. S. Treasuries is only 5%. You plan to repay your debt using any cash that you don’t invest elsewhere. Until your debt is repaid, what cost of capital should you use when evaluating a new risk-free investment opportunity? Why?The appropriate cost of capital for a new risk-free investment is 8%, since you could earn 8% without risk by paying off your existing loan and avoiding interest charges. 5-39. In the summer of 2008, at Heathrow Airport in London, Bestofthebest (BB), a private company, offered a lottery to win a Ferrari or 90,000 British pounds, equivalent at the time to about $180,000. Both the Ferrari and the money, in 100 pound notes, were on display. If the U. K. interest rate was 5% per year, and the dollar interest rate was 2% per year (EARs), how much did it cost the company in dollars each month to keep the cash on display?That is, what was the opportunity cost of keeping it on display rather than in a bank account? (Ignore taxes. ) Because the prize is in pounds, we should use the pound interest rate (comparable risk). (1. 05)(1/12) – 1 = . 4074%. 0. 4074% x 90k = 366. 7 pounds per month, or $733 per month at the current exchange rate. 5-40. You firm is considering the purchase of a new office phone system. You can either pay $32,000 now, or $1000 per month for 36 months. a. Suppose your firm currently borrows at a rate of 6% per year (APR with monthly compounding).Which payment plan is more attractive? b. Suppose your firm currently borrows at a rate of 18% per year (APR with monthly compounding). Which payment plan would be more attractive in this case? a. The payments are as risky as the firm’s other debt. So opportunity cost = debt rate. PV(36 month annuity of 1000 at 6%/12 per month) = $32,871. So pay cash. b. PV(annuity at 18%/12 per mo) = $27,661. So pay over time. ———————– 47 –500 0 2 –500 1 –500 48 –500 47 –500 0 19,992. 39 2 –500 1 –500 48 –(500 – X) N -750 0 20,092. 39 2 -750 1 -750 [pic]

Saturday, November 9, 2019

The Causes and Effects of Internet Addiction

What is internet addiction? * Internet Addiction: Destroying your mind. â€Å"Your Brain on Clicks† There are a lot of people today in the world, especially in the Philippines who may have been addicted to different kinds of vices. One of these may probably be called â€Å"internet addiction. † Men and women, even youngsters these days are being pulled out from their spiritual lives by the wickedness of this world and even, I myself have been greatly affected by this. Satan is attacking us slowly, that we didn’t notice what our lives may be doing, because we may usually think it is normal to be addicted to internet, but we know that God hates it. He is a jealous God. God has been hurt in many ways because when He calls us, we can’t hear because our eyes, and ears are focused on the world. In a world of rapidly advancing technology, it is hard to ignore that internet is becoming more and more centric to our lives, worldwide. Yet the convenience the electronic age provides come with a price. The ugly truth is that the internet is as addictive as it is useful. Internet addiction can destroy us in every way, and we find ourselves invariably and unwittingly chained by the shackles of the addictive elements of the internet. The early internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians. There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system. Most people today rely on the web for almost anything. With just one click, one can find information within seconds when it would have taken hours, even days, poring through encyclopedias in the past. Social networking sites have made the world smaller, as we find friends we have lost touch with since childhood years. The Internet also provides online conveniences such as shopping, banking and paying bills. Indeed, it has also changed the way we live. However, technology comes with a price. With the advent of the internet came the proliferation of identity theft and  pornography and, lately, the emergence of also a new  disorder called  Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD), which has now become a subject of research among scientists and psychologists. Similar to gambling in our surroundings, internet addiction is also included in the  process type of addiction,  which is an addiction to certain mood behaviors. People who are internet addicts develop a compulsive habit to surf the net, join chat rooms, and nurture virtual characters by playing online games. People who are caught up in the net due to various reasons, are mostly for relaxation, work, or both. When their balance gets lost, more of their time becomes devoted in the virtual world, and then this is where the internet starts to become addictive. When a person is dysfunctioned, he or she jeopardizes or compromises his work, school, family, and relationships because of spending too much time on the net. If we lose track of time or if we neglect our responsibilities we are showing signs of a person who is extremely absorbed in the Internet. If we continue getting addicted to internet, we might risk our personal health because of excessive use. We might develop unhealthy habits like skipping our meals just to stay online, because we cannot stop the urge of using the net. Most people nowadays in our society are so addicted that whenever they cannot connect online, it brings them panic attacks or other disorders, feeling helpless and irritable. The Bible even tells us not to love the world or things in the world. Do not love the world or the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him. For all that is in the world—the desires of the flesh and the desires of the eyes and pride in possessions—is not from the Father but is from the world. And the world is passing away along with its desires, but whoever does the will of God abides fore ver. † (1 John 2:15-17) Because of this, as Christians and children of God, we must manage or limit internet use and control the urge to stay online longer than intended, before it becomes a serious problem for us. Recognizing this signs will help computer addicts confront and deal with their addiction and if it still goes on a person should consider getting support from friends and loved ones or seeking professional help if they suspect that they are slowly becoming addicted to the net. * What are the main causes of internet addiction? A real addiction negatively affects home life, interpersonal relationships, work, and emotional health. Often an addiction will negatively impact a person's physical health as well. * A large preoccupation with being online. Often an individual will think a lot about their last session online, and be excited about the next time they can access the Web. * An individual needs to use the Internet more frequently to get satisfaction from the activity. * Feeling bored, upset, restless, moody, depressed or anxiety-ridden when they can't be online. * Becoming angry when someone needs the computer or refusing to share time – most common in households where there are shared computers. * Forgets all about time when online. * Can't stop getting online, no matter how hard they try. * Compulsive lying  to friends and family about time spent online. Puts a job, relationship, or other responsibility at risk in order to continue to spend time online. For example, a person may cancel a date, miss a family dinner, or forget a work meeting because of their computer time. * Uses the Internet to escape frequently. In some cases the Internet may be the only activity that calms an addicted and agitated person down. * When online, or after an online session a person may feel a sense of  manic depression, guilt, anxiety, or hopelessness. * Social Causes * Some people become addicted to the Internet because of the social connections they make online. Some online relationship activity can be useful and healthy, and many people utilize forums for advice or chats for relaxation, but when a person has many close online friends and no one to count on in the real world, problems can develop. * An Internet addicted individual though, will develop highly emotional attachments to online pals or even online dates. Online relationships are attractive to some because it can feel less risky than meeting live people in person. Online friends allow people to escape their real lives and possibly fulfill their needs for emotional contacts that they don't get in real life. Some who are addicted to online relationships may even create pretend personalities or personas of themselves. This is actually a dangerous practice because often the people who create these fake lives are already low on self-esteem or desperately seeking the approval of others. Instead of seeking real help, say from a counselor, these individuals just re-make themselves online, while changing nothing about their real offline lives. This can lead to increased symptoms of depression and feelings of inadequacy. * Personality Trait Causes One  interesting paper  on Internet addiction notes that some people may be predisposed to online addictions; much like one can be predisposed to an alcohol addiction. What the paper points out is that someone with the right mix of an addictive personality, life stressors, and poor emotional health could get addicted if the Internet happens to also fall into their life during this time. * Along with the previous example are people who may become addicted because the internet reinforces a positive feeling. For example, a wife not getting her emotional needs met by her husband, may hop online and find friendly sites and people willing to talk. Each time she has an issue with her husband there are positives to getting online. This reinforces the hold the Internet can have on someone. The Effects of Internet Addiction With most teens and adolescents, there is a thin line between casual Internet use and addiction. The Internet has become a portal to knowledge and digital adventure for many, but some parents fear the negative effects of the unlimited access to all forms of content. Parents specifically take issue with the easy access their children have to explicit material, and the compulsive behavior that can stem from it. Here are the facts on Internet addiction and its effects. Read more:  The Effects of Internet Addiction | eHow. com  http://www. ehow. com/about_5247242_effects-internet-addiction. html#ixzz1gVsf1UIn Definition * According to Helpguide. org, Internet addiction can be defined as compulsive use that interferes with the natural flow of one's daily life, relationships or work. The organization also notes that Internet addiction is not yet formally identified as a psychological disorder. The concept of Internet addiction has gained popularity due to prevailing evidence that shows compulsive use can have a detrimental effect on the lifestyle and health of the individuals who are connected to it. Signs of Addiction * People who have Internet addiction tend to have mixed feelings of both joy and guilt while on the computer. They generally lose track of time and neglect responsibilities. They uncontrollably use the computer to relieve stress, cheer up or for sexual gratification. They feel anxious or irritable when away from the computer and are more likely to alienate themselves from family and friends, generally preferring to make their social connections with strangers online. Social Effect * Internet addiction can be a significant threat to one's health and social well-being in that it enforces antisocial behavior. The addiction can lead to the inability to communicate in the real world by depriving the addict of the daily practices involved with interpersonal communication. The act of using facial expressions or certain gestures to relay intended emotion or emphasize meaning decline as the addict substitutes keystrokes resembling smiley faces, or avatars. Socially, subjects become more inclined to develop personality disorders in which they identify more with their Internet representation than their real-life persona. Ultimately, an addiction to the Internet can cripple one's ability to maintain a healthy social life. Sexual Effect * There is a popular belief among promoters of Internet censorship that overexposure to the type of explicit material available online can lead to a deluded view of real-life sexual interaction and to sex addiction. Helpguide. org defines sex addiction as compulsive sexual behavior that creates negative legal, emotional, career or physical consequences. This behavior is considered a common psychological disorder stemming from Internet addiction. Addiction Candidates * People who are most susceptible to Internet addiction are teenagers, people who already have anxiety attacks or issues with anxiety, those who have undergone recent trauma that has made them home-bound and less active, people with prior addictions and those with a lack of support from their peers or family. People coping with depression are the biggest candidates to find solace in excessive computer and Internet use.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Neighborhood Article Summary Essay Example

Neighborhood Article Summary Essay Example Neighborhood Article Summary Essay Neighborhood Article Summary Essay Neighborhood Article Summary Name: Institution: Instructor: Course: Date: Neighborhood Article Summary ED Sees Critical Capacities Unsafe conditions were cited in the Neighborhood Hospital. Cases of over staffing were reported . The overstaffing has led to hazardous conditions that interfere with the safety of the staffers. The health facility is flooded with patients suffering from ailments that can easily be treated at home. However, because of a dearth in alternative health care compels them to seek medical attention in the center. According to Dr. Gordon, it is evident that the region lacks adequate health facilities to carter for the destitute and low-income members of the society (Johnson, 2012). Dr. Gordon suggested that there was an urgent need to create awareness among the members of the society concerning symptoms and treatment of common ailments and injuries. He argued that majority of the patients who visit the health institutions have conditions that could receive treatment at home. An increase in the capacity of hospitals has compelled the patients to visit the health institution for minor injuries and ailments. The patients were forced to waist for more than six hours to receive medical attention (Johnson, 2012). Public Health Issues In the article, Dr. Gordon addresses a number of public health concerns. These concerns are accessibility to effective health care, mass awareness on common health ailments, overstaffing in health institutions and hazardous working conditions for health workers. These issues were represented in the various situations that surrounded the Neighborhood Hospital. These issues are of public concern because they affect the well-being of the members of the society. One concern that Dr. Gordon raises is that there is a dearth of adequate medical facilities to carter for the population of the region. The doctor elaborates further that this lack of adequate medical facilities is detrimental to the treatment of the less privileged members of the society. The government was charged with mandate of providing health care to its population. The human labor is the most important resource of a nation, and it is the government’s obligation to subsidies costs of health care. The less privileged members of the society should receive attention because their social and economic status creates inequity in their resource accessibility. The masses should receive education on the general illnesses and injuries that occur frequently. This awareness will help members of the community not only to avoid the common illness and but to also treat and manage them in case of their occurrence. The Neighborhood Hospital is experiencing an influx of patients because of their inability to treat and manage common ailments. Educating the masses will help to cut down on the costs of treating common illnesses. Creation of awareness will also allow the staff at the medical centers to focus on the urgent cases that require immediate medical attention. Dr. Gordon reported that the staff at Neighborhood Hospital was more than the required number and apart from this, the staff received exposure to hazardous working conditions. It is the responsibility of a company’s management to ensure that its employees work in favorable conditions. The health of the employees should be a priority of the employers. Exposure of the employees to conditions that put their health at risk will subsequently affect their input in the workplace. This will be detrimental to the health care that the patients receive at the health centers. Over staffing at the health facility worsens the working conditions. The result is overcrowding and sharing of limited resources. This will impede the performance of the health care givers. Smoking Breaks a Thing Of The Past The breaks that many companies and social institutions are giving employees are slowly fading away. This is because of the controversies that arose concerning the need for smokers to receive breaks. Smoking is not a disability that requires special attention and therefore that rationality behind the breaks was lost. The breaks taken by the employees can be legally regulated by the employer. This implies that the idea of employees ding away with the smoking breaks is quite feasible. The strings attached to the breaks given to the employee are dictated by the employer (Johnson, 2012). Public Health Issue The public health issue that has been addressed is that of smoking cessation. The effects of tobacco on the public are the driving force behind these efforts. Antismoking programs were extended to the office set up. The management of companies is being encouraged to adopt systems that discourage smoking during the work routine. The government has also been receiving pressure to allocate funds of tobacco cessation. This was because of the rise in tobacco related illness that was burdening the country’s economy. These efforts will aid in the protection of passive smokers and the active smokers themselves. Second hand smoking is known to be the cause of many premature deaths and illnesses. Reference List Johnson, G. (2012). The Neighborhood News. Pearson Health Science. Retrieved from: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/chet/chet_neighborhood/demo/week7_news.html

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Overview of Crime Mapping and Analysis

Overview of Crime Mapping and Analysis Geography is a field that is ever-changing and ever-growing. One of its newer sub-disciplines is crime mapping, which uses geographic technologies in order to aid in crime analysis. In an interview with Steven R. Hick, a leading geographer in the field of crime mapping, he gave a thorough overview of the state of the field and what’s to come. What Is Crime Mapping? Crime mapping identifies not only where the actual crime took place, but also looks at where the perpetrator â€Å"lives, works, and plays† as well as where the victim â€Å"lives, works, and plays.† Crime analysis has identified that the majority of criminals tend to commit crimes within their comfort zones, and crime mapping is what allows police and investigators to see where that comfort zone might be. Predictive Policing Through Crime Mapping The use of predictive policing is a much more cost-effective approach to policing than past policies. This is because predictive policing not only looks at where a crime is likely to occur but also when the crime is likely to occur. These patterns can help police identify what time of day it is necessary to flood an area with officers, rather than flooding the area twenty-four hours a day. Types of Crime Analysis Tactical Crime Analysis: This type of crime analysis looks at the short-term in order to stop what is currently taking place, for example, a crime spree. It is used to identify one perpetrator with many targets or one target with many perpetrators and provide an immediate response. Strategic Crime Analysis: This type of crime analysis looks at the long-term and on-going issues. Its focus is often on identifying areas with high crime rates and problem-solving ways to decrease the overall crime rates. Administrative Crime Analysis This type of crime analysis looks at the administration and deployment of police and resources and asks the question, â€Å"Are there enough police officers at the right time and place?† and then works to make the answer, â€Å"Yes.† Crime Data Sources Crime Mapping Software ArcGIS MapInfo Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design CPTED Careers in Crime Mapping There are classes available in crime mapping; Hick is one professional who has been teaching these classes for several years. There are also conferences available for both professionals and beginners in the field. Additional Resources on Crime Mapping International Association of Crime Analysts The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is a research agency of the United States Department of Justice that works to develop innovative solutions to crime.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise Research Paper

Explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise - Research Paper Example This is a process that has taken to task doctors and scientists worldwide. One of the major setbacks to this work was inadequate finances. Though this is and has been a global problem, states were not able to come together to pool resources so as to support the noble work that the scientists set out to do. It turned out that only few countries provided the financial support to this project, while others showed no interests in the on-going work, yet they too are affected by the virus. The accomplishment was nonetheless realized thanks to the support of the non-governmental organizations and other well-wishers (Grady, 1995). Another great challenge is the fact that the HIV virus replicates very fast, and once it attacks a CD4+ T cell, it quickly makes very many copies of itself. These copies infect other immune cells. Since it makes many copies of itself, it overwhelms the body’s immunity hence weakening the body. This is worsened by the fact that as the replication takes place, there is DNA sequence change that results into different strands of the virus. The vaccine developed should be able to help prevent all these strands. Unlike many other viruses that attack the human body, the primary target of the HIV virus is the immune system, particularly the CD4+ cells. The virus destroys these cells hence making it difficult for the body to protect itself from other infections, even subsequent HIV infections. The vaccine developed therefore has to work to strengthen the system so that the invading virus does not weaken the body, but is able to prepare it to fight off the virus, at the same time leaving the body strong. There are already in existence big companies that manufacture anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), the drugs currently used to contain the deadly virus. These companies are already making billions in this business and would therefore want to keep making money. An attempt to come up with vaccines is a threat to their business

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Contemporary Culture Challenging the Irish Catholic Church Essay

Contemporary Culture Challenging the Irish Catholic Church - Essay Example It is no longer synonymous to getting a sound education, health care or any other public services. Inglis, with the application of Pierre Bourdieu's theories calls this situation as a "religious capital" and sees that this decline in regard for Catholicism in Ireland has resulted to a so-called Post-Christian/secularized society ("Where to now for Irish Catholicism"). The waning influence of the Irish Catholic church on politics and other socio-political and moral matters is also due to the metamorphosis of popular culture. 'Pop culture' as what popular culture is more commonly known, is a staple in all societies. Pop culture is fuelled with the needs and desires of the people as well as the 'in' thing at the moment. It is considered the 'mainstream' and anything outside of it is considered 'underground'. Pop culture extends to the masses preference in fashion, food music, entertainment and practically any other thing that is integral in the everyday activities of men. Culture has always this tendency to bring in people into its clutches and somehow influence them to take part in it and devote themselves into it. Sociologically, people feel the need to belong in a certain group and building up their identities there. This 'belongingness' bestows a feeling that one is integral in the group's activities and is especially seen in small neighbourhood s and other groups of people. 'Mass culture' on the other hand allow people to characterize themselves in terms of their association with everybody else in the society. In effect, this makes the establishment of an identity more difficult. ("Popular culture"). Pop culture is very specific and varies from the time and place where and when it occurred. It is like a wave that comes and goes as the interest of a small number of people eventually becomes accepted by the masses. It comes from a wide array of sources, one is the business establishments that constantly invents and produces products that may have any cultural impact. The media is also a source of popular culture; music, film, television, radio, video game, and book and comic books all play a part in the cultural changes of the common man ("Popular culture"). The modern times saw the dramatic changes in the lifestyles and behaviour of men. Adults these days find it hard to adjust to these social changes, especially when it comes to issues regarding morality and religion. Morality changes through time as with people's perception of it. It is firmly anchored to reality but as it is proven, reality also changes through time, what applies to this timeline may not be applicable in the past and vice versa. What is viewed as 'morally' right today may not be utterly acceptable in the past. Also the 'moral norms' based on a certain time period's standards can be reinterpreted or misinterpreted by people living in the current time period. Today, there is a so-called 'morality crisis' not just in Ireland but all over the world. This 'moral crisis' characterised by the misinterpretation or total disregard to morals is said to be influenced by pop culture. The Irish Catholic is in itself in some kind of 'identity crisis', it is currently undergoing a re-evaluation of its perspective on

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic HRM - Essay Example een the purpose of human resources to the strategic objectives in an organization aiming to improve and sustain the organization’s performance (Gratton et al 1999, p. 28). Strategic human resource management works on an ideology that management of human resource of an organization depends on the organization developing a unique culture of its own, distinct from other cultures present in the industry under its jurisdiction. To this essence, it requires an organization to develop consistent policies and programs or strategies aligned well for the achievement of its strategic objectives. The chief aim of every organization is to position itself as the best among other firms – building a competitive advantage. Among the several perspectives of building a competitive advantage in business environment, resource-based view of human resource management looks promising to many organizations perhaps due to its centralization on the internal strength of the organization (Radcliffe, 2005, p. 51). The objective of this essay is to evaluate how the adoption of resource-based view (RBV) model of strategic management can lead to achievement of competitive advantage of a business and the shortcomings of this model to a business organization. To improve an organization’s performance strategic human resource management (SHRM) acts as a supervision practice that connects the organizational role of human resource to the managerial predetermined objectives. The improved performance of an organization will bring its competitive advantage in the line of business operation. There are different perspectives of strategic human resource management (Radcliffe, 2005, p. 52). . For example, universalistic perspective, contingency perspective and the resource based perspective. All of these perspectives describe how merging the strategic objectives of a business to the administrative functions can lead to organizations competitive advantage. The proponents of universalistic

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Future Of Globalisation And Its Impact Economics Essay

Future Of Globalisation And Its Impact Economics Essay It is a known fact in the modern world that globalisation has become the main ingredient for the success of developing countries and their businesses. Globalization became a major worldwide force to reckon with since the end of the cold war in the 90s and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Countries opened their boundaries to marketplace financial system making business increasingly international. A procedure of structural modification urged through the affects and studies of the World Bank and other global firms was born in numerous developing nations. Moreover, globalisation has opened up fresh chances for growing countries. It has provided better entrance to urbanized state marketplaces and technology which in turn guarantees enhanced efficiency and advanced living status (Lim and Lim, 2007). On the other hand, there are arguments that state globalisation has given unwanted confronts such as rising imbalance all over the world, instability in the monetary market and ecologica l worsening. A different unenthusiastic feature of globalisation is that an immense mainstream of growing nations stay separated from the procedure. Till the 90s, countries like India were quite opposed to the idea of globalisation. The phenomenon of globalisation was opened to the Indian economy through the introduction of the New Economic policy in 1991. It was the initiation of this policy that resulted in the transformation of the Indian economy to open up to liberalisation of business and broadening of investment opportunities. Since then the world has seen gradual decrease to the obstacles and acceleration in the rise of globalisation. In this particular topic review, we try and concentrate on the impact of globalization on countries, businesses and public sector. On the basis of my findings from relevant literature, I will try to comprehend the concept of globalization and its future. Globalization: Globalization can be explained as a continuing procedure through which local economies, cultures, and traditions have been incorporated by a world-spanning system of interaction and implementation. The word is many a time employed to purposely refer to the internalisation of economy. It can also signify the incorporation of nationwide economies into the worldwide financial system by business flows of capital, FDI, immigration, and extend of skill. Though, globalization is typically documented as being forced through an amalgamation of economic, political, sociocultural, technical, and organic issues. The word may furthermore submit to the intercontinental movement of thoughts, tongues, and otherwise famous culture by acculturation (Lim and Lim, 2007). Though the exact meaning of globalisation remains elusive, some interpretations are universally acceptable. Lim and Lim (2007): say that the procedure of globalisation not just comprises beginning of business world widely, growth of higher sense of interaction, internationalization of fiscal marketplaces, increasing significance of multinational corporations, population relocations and further normally amplified mobility of people, capital, products, information and concepts other than moreover pollution, illnesses and infections. Globalization Impact across Countries: Significantly, the growth of India and China is a just element of a bigger picture which exposes extremely rough allocation of the advantages of internationalization between nations. The developed nations, with their powerful primary economic stand, profusion of ability and capital, and technical guidance, were comfortably situated to increase considerable advantages from rising internationalization of the world economy. Growing worldwide marketplaces for products and facilities offer fresh stores for their exports. Whereas, the appearance of worldwide manufacturing methods and liberalized investment regulations produced fresh chances for their multinational enterprises, rising their worldwide operations and authority of marketplace (Cetinic and Goran, 2008),. Likewise, the development of worldwide fiscal marketplaces offered developed nations chances for speculations with advanced incomes in rising marketplaces. As well as, their technical control, jointly with the intensification o f global regulations on IPRs by the World Trade Organization, raised their incomes from licensing fees and royalties. Though, these advantages were partially counteracted through internal issues of alteration that generated fatalities for several employees. But one cannot deny the fact that another cluster that gathered important advantages was the alternative rising nations that have been extremely victorious in mounting their exports and in magnetizing great inflows of foreign direct investment. Chiefly, among the benefactors have been the unique NIEs of North Asia that have currently congregated on developed state revenue heights and financial systems. Several further Asian middle-income states, the Europe succession nations, and Latin American nations for example Chile and Mexico moreover seem to be on path to accomplish this (Daianu and Daniel, 2008). Globalization Impact on Indian Economy: There are several insinuations of globalization for a state economy. Globalization has strengthened interdependence and rivalry among countries in the globe marketplace. These financial reorganizations have received the subsequent important advantages: India had received positive impact through globalization on the whole development rate of the market. This is a chief development considering that the development rate of India in the 1980s was extremely little at 4 per cent and Gross Domestic Product raise in nations such as Korea, Mexico, Brazil, and Indonesia was in excess of double of that of India. However Indias standard yearly increase rate was approximately twice in the 80s to 6.3 per cent, still it was inferior to the development rate in Indonesia, Korea and China. The lift up in Gross Domestic Product development has resulted in a respectable transformation in the worldwide position of India (Daianu and Daniel, 2008). Therefore, the place of India in the worldwide economy had enhanced from the ninth position in 1992 to fifth position in 2002; when Gross Domestic Product was estimated on a buying power equality foundation. Throughout 1990-91, due to Raos( then Prime Minister of India) modifications plan, the Indian market developed through 0.11 per cent simply, although the Gross Domestic Product boosted up to 6.2 per cent in 1993-94, and 7.1 per cent 1994-95. A development rate of over 9 per cent was an accomplishment for the Indian economy by the year 2006-07. Increase in the Gross Domestic Product development rate may be perceived as sign of good things to come in the future (Cetinic and Goran, 2008). Uncertainty in Europe due to Rising Phenomena of Globalization: Globalization is a happening; you cannot fight it or stop it. It is a predictable procedure which can be regulated and adapted. Due to globalisation local skilled labour employment rate was decreasing in almost all over the globe. This resulted in amalgamation of societies that had earlier been totally divided from one another. It was as if they were fighting a common enemy. The EU sceptics were of the view that globalisation would lead to labour exploitation and local unemployment rather than growth for the respective nations. Most of Western Europe believed that availability of jobs would result in mass immigration of foreign workers. The fact that they would be available on the cheap would threaten local citizens. Those that opposed internationalization were unified in their belief. Several were opposing it because they were convinced that MNCs were basically evil. These countries formed the basis of the worldwide anti-capitalist faction. The primary concern was to defend home job s in the western region, although this myopic hypothesis left local employees unable to compete and advance themselves. Basically, this crippled the globe with dishonest jobs, with no honest earnings and with no honest chances (Bartlett and William, 2007). As a result Central banks were at a failure. As assets soared all over the globe at a continuous pace, nations would locate themselves with a huge equilibrium of extra expenses and shortages. Policy makers found themselves in a position where imaginative resource flows were in risk of turning into a chief source of unsteadiness. The equity fizz that was considered ingenuity at the start of the innovative millennium was nearing boiling point, as plan makers were scratching their heads in the delusion that economies might carry on to develop no issue how lofty the stage of debt of private sector (Bartlett and William, 2007). Globalization Impact on Australian Economy: Business plans of Australia, since the mid 1990s, have been rapidly increased to start home businesses to cater to the worldwide marketplace. The main area of concentration of structural reform has been to focus the private region in Australia to further rivalry from equally local and worldwide resources (Gligorov and Vladimir, 2007). Australia has usually had elevated stages of security in the 1960s in regions like fabrics, footwear and clothing and vehicle. By the beginning of 80s the successful fading of security in the TCF businesses was in surplus of 190 per cent and 56.2 per cent for traveller motor cars. Although, several people would argue that cutting security will decrease service. It is a proven fact that several businesses that were greatly defended throughout the 1980s and 1990s still face reduction of service and were unable to establish themselves in export marketplaces. Yearly Growth in Exports, Each Sector, 1998-99 to 2008-09. Sector % Manufacturing 15.6 Services 9.9 Minerals and Fuels 6.8 Rural 4.8 (Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2008), Australian National Accounts, 5206.0.) Globalisation Impact on Financial Markets: Over 52 per cent of the every day foreign exchange income experiences changes and alternatives. This enlargement in temporary fund shifts and hedging has augmented instability of exchange rate. The changes in the dollar of Australia in February 2002 appropriately reveal this. The declaration of a 1.1 per cent decrease in interest rate through the United States Federal Reserve direct to a plunge in the dollar of Australia through approximately 2.30 per cent within 22 hours (Kim and Kim, 2008). Usually, a decrease in interest rates must have raised the dollar of Australia other than foreign exchange dealers think that the decrease in rates of interest would raise returns in the United States, in the near prospect, therefore would raise the value of dollar in United States. But instantly after the next 48 hours the dollar of Australia had increased 4%. At this point dealers decided that the 1.2% rate decline could not be ample to stop a slump in the financial system of United States. Th ese indecisions and conjectures have raised the instability in the prices and therefore the proper forecasting of these variations is essential (Kim and Kim, 2008). FDI Inflows distribution among developing countries, Total for 2000s (in per cent) (Source: Kovac, Oskar (2008), FDI flows among developing countries and opportunities with Globalization, Paper prepared for the AAASS Conference in Boca Raton, Florida, November) A Brief Comparison among Developing Countries: In the case of global trade The share of India of exports of merchandise to world raised from .06 per cent to .08 per cent in the previous 2 years. In comparison, in the same period of time Chinas share has tripled to approximately 3.9 per cent The share of India in the worldwide business is same to that of the Philippines but the market is 5 times lesser according to International Monetary Fund approximations. In the past periods foreign direct investment streams into India have a standard of approximately 0.6 per cent of Gross Domestic Product against 4 per cent of Brazil and 6.1 per cent for China. Foreign direct investment flows to China currently surpasses United States USD 55 billion per annum. In Indias case it is USD 5bn. (Hunter, 2008) Reasons behind fast growth of global trade: Development in worldwide interactions Fast development of the Asian Giants and emerging economies like India and China Improved status of living Control to market systems in Eastern Europe liberalization and Personalization of nationwide economies Deregulation of international resources economies Liberalization of business assisted through WTO, development and extension of the European Union Dip in transportation rates (Ronkainen, 2008) Businesses affected by the Globalization: Cross continent or border trades in the age of globalization is not considered risky or expensive work as earlier. In modern times, to stay in the market; aggression and assertiveness is the sure shot to success. Initiation of international trade would expose the entrepreneur to global dimensions and an understanding of the macro nature of todays market place. In contrast, if a company does not intend to be global and does not expose itself to global marketplace, it is unknowingly harming itself through lack of consumer demands which are so essential in modern business. It is devoid of important feedback which would have provided by the international customer. The business world today is a consumer driven market and competition is fierce. In these times time of globalization whoever caters first to the consumers survives and improves its long term prospects. With raise in customers insists and destruction of worldwide marketplace the global trade is anticipated to help numerous marke tplaces in a satisfactory mode (Kretschmer and Hansjorg, 2008). Unseen and gradual shifting of financial changes in the current business scenario of the world might eventually damage trade. Investigations might cite that internationalization of globe trade has led to petroleum price problems, dip in share marketplaces, housing catastrophes, limited availability of assets, and on the whole a sense of constant survival like never before. With some unwanted characteristics in world market due to internalisation, traditional financial theory suggests that the interest rate these days bear resemblance to that of 1990. But these are just apprehension rather than facts with no proper evidence to back it up. The modern marketplace is the result of a international financial system which is performing the job of an easing aspect is a proven fact with all the data of developed and developing countries. It has been projected that by 2014 the mounting markets will report for 52 per cent of world Gross Domestic Product (Lopandic and Dusko, 2008). Globalization Modern success stories Starting of closed market systems: Several successful increasing markets have been engaged in systematic reform of essential society standards which have gone unnoticed in the urbanized countries. The aspects which cause development and financial combination integrate possessions freedoms, legal process, published principle, personalization of state owned organizations, elimination of assets administration, and liberalization of standards connected FDI (Simic and Predrag, 2008). Business need: All multinationals are aware of the ethic that development in the fiscal position for the continuation of international organizations is dependent upon the services provided to the employees. Nowadays institutions are concentrating on better communications growth utilities, Interactions, and well-provided transport facility. These initiations has progressively enhanced in comparison to what was a few years ago as a result of international standards. Increasing economies: Over the last decades India and China has observed a 10 per cent and 8 per cent of yearly development correspondingly. Markets currently typify younger society, growing number of educated and skilled people, rising middle income group populations, inspiring profits and development (Simic and Predrag, 2008). Measures responsible for the development of multinational corporations: Increases the life cycles of product Economic growth through globalization Initiatives are taken for lessening manufacturing costs Maintains a controlled production by cheap employment Deregulation of assets marketplaces Reduction in transport costs Exploration of rising marketplaces Prevention of excise and non excise obstructions Endorses vertical merger (Schott, 2008) Globalization is extremely significant to every executive nowadays, particularly those leading Information Systems plan in a business. This idea is particularly significant nowadays where they discover their selves challenging with industries or doing trade within the globe. According to Kretschmer and Hansjorg (2008), though several big corporations have internationalized for many past years, the Web, in excess of several further incident, has facilitated the smallest corporation to have a worldwide existence. The supports of the mobile devices and internet have raised the bar of internationalisation to new height irrespective of the fact that it is controlled by a man or machine. Worldwide delivery systems and Outsourcing, receive the benefits of the technology that is accessible to overcome the gaps among industries, their customers, providers, consumers and workers. Globalization gives new opportunities: Globalization is an event that has hastened in current periods, calling for further speedy response from undersized nations, several of which have restricted sources and capability to take action. Therefore, globalization carries chances in addition to challenges for small nations. So as to obtain benefits of such a process, these nations will have to assume what many have explained as a planned worldwide relocation of their economies (Watts, 2008). Policy Development by Public and Private Sector for Exploring New Opportunities: Measures on top of plan fronts and the skill to distinguish transforms, to take on and acclimatize to fresh technology, and to restructure quickly will decide the capability of the industrious segment in small nations to take action to the latest chances. Governments, organizations, and human beings should obtain familiar to a need of durability. Cash facilities and employ of IT and electronic commerce show two instances of the type of innovative chances on offer to small nations in the latest worldwide market. Previous parts of the mission team account, on the changeover to a novel worldwide business atmosphere and making capability, embark the type of home plans and outside help that will place small nations to receive benefits of these chances. The chances of manufacture of products and services in developed countries are based on their organizations capability to look for planned business unions. Corporations have to be supple, receptive, aggressive, pioneering, competent, and consumer-focused. The disintegration of global production procedures into divided phases in dissimilar nations and planned business unions has made it promising for systems of small organizations to defeat the restrictions of dimension and fight successfully against big companies. (Lopandic and Dusko, 2008) Conclusion: Globalization as a phenomenon is a very complex one. We have seen instances where developed nations might face a situation of stagnation, whereas some nations had have undergone financial catastrophe and practiced economic retrogression due to internalisation (Schott, 2008). Furthermore, we cannot deny the surprising emergence of upcoming powerhouses like China and India. They are proofs that global liberalization and competition enhances consumer price. It is safe to state that globalization has its benefits and ill effects. It impacts distinctive sectors, countries, businesses and sections in a dissimilar way. Even though developing countries might reap great rewards from it, uncontrolled and unregulated globalization may lead to economic turmoil. What we all agree upon is the fact that market economy in the hands of private enterprises and capitalists without proper supervision might lead to difficult situations reminiscent of neocolonialism. Essential steps should be taken at a n ational and international level to neutralize the harmful effects and to achieve the accolades of globalisation. Love it, hate it, the fact remain that globalization is here to stay. (2008, Cherunilam) The future of globalisation lies in these very handsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the future of globalisation lies with us. It is people who are the objects of globalization and at the same time its subjects. What also follows logically from this is that globalization is not a law of nature, but rather a process set in train by people.